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  • B. Biology, campbell reece mitchell
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Welcome to biotechnology's world

Do you know avatar's film? or maybe jurassic park? it'snt just a fantasy.. We can learn to build superhero or monster in easy step that we'll know in biotechnology. With easy treatment, we can make a little things became worth as gold. Want to know your capability, natural gift, mind, or psychological ? it's easy.. just look at your DNA and all things in your life's will be reavealed. Interest? Check this out, dont miss it!!

Rabu, 07 September 2011

Struktur DNA



Struktur Sekunder DNA
Struktur DNA yang sangat kecil dan rumit dapat digambarkan dengan model struktur DNA yang diusulkan oleh Watson James dan Crick Francis. Model struktur DNA tersebut dikenal dengan nama model tangga berpilin (double helix). Berikut ini adalah penjelasan dari model struktur DNA Watson-Crick (double-Helix Structure).

Watson James dan Crick Francis (Sumber : King Saud University)
  1. kedua untai polinukleutida saling memilin di sepanjang sumbu yang sama.
  2. kedua untai polinukleutida satu sama lain arahnya sejajar tetapi berlawanan arah (antiparalel)
  3. basa-basa nitrogen menghadap ke arah sumbu dan masing-masing basa nitrogen berpasangan satu sama lain (antara untai yang satu dengan untai yang lain). basa Adenin pada satu untai berpasangan dengan basa timin pada untai lainnya, dan basa guanin pada satu untai berpasangan dengan basa sitosin pada untai lainnya. oleh karena itu kedua untai polinukleutida dikatakan komplementer satu sama lain.
  4. setiap pasangan basa berjarak 3,4 A dengan pasangan basa berikutnya.
  5. tedapat 10 pasangan basa bitrogen di dalam satu kali pilinan (360).
  6. jumlah iktana hidrogen antara basa nitrogen Adenin dan Timin sebanyak rangkap dua, sedangkan antara basa nitrogen guanosin dan sitosin sebanyak rangkap tiga. oleh karena itu nisbah G+C yang tinggi maka semakin tinggi pula stabilitas molekul DNA
  7. gugus fosfat dan gula pentosa terletak di sebelah luar sumbu.
  8. nukleutida-nukleutida penyusun polinukleutida yang berurutan satu sama lain dihubungkan oleh ikatan fosfodiester. ikatan fosfodiester menghubungkan atom C nomor 3′ dengan atom C nomor 5′ pada gula deoksiribosa.
  9. Atom C nomor 3′ di salah satu ujung untai polinukleutida tidak lagi memiliki ikatan fosfodiester, tetapi mengikat gugus OH sehingga ujung 3′ disebut ujung OH. sedangakn di ujung lainnya, yaitu atom C nomor 5′ akan mengikat gugus fosfat, sehingga ujung 5′ disebut ujung P.
  10. arah antiparalel kedua ujung dilihat dari arah ujung 3′ dan ujung 5′. Jika untai yang satu memiliki arah dari ujung 5′ ke 3′, maka untai yang lain (untai komplementernya) memiliki arah dari ujung 3′ ke 5′.

Sumber:

DNA - Double Helix
Introduction:
The secondary structure of DNA is actually very similar to the secondary structure of proteins. The protein single alpha helix structure held together by hydrogen bonds was discovered with the aid of X-ray diffraction studies. The X-ray diffraction patterns for DNA show somewhat similar patterns.
In addition, chemical studies by E. Chargaff indicate several important clues about the structure of DNA. In the DNA of all organisms:
a) The concentration of adenine equals that of thymine.
b) The concentration of guanine equals that of cytosine.

Chargaff's findings clearly indicate that some type of heterocyclic amine base pairing exists in the DNA structure. X-ray diffraction data shows that a repeating helical pattern occurs every 34 Angstrom units with 10 subunits per turn. Each subunit occupies 3.4 Angstrom units which is the same amount of space occupied by a single nucleotide unit. Using Chargaff's information and the X-ray data in conjunction with building actual molecular models, Watson and Crick developed the double helix as a model for DNA.
The double helix in DNA consists of two right-handed polynucleotide chains that are coiled about the same axis. The heterocyclic amine bases project inward toward the center so that the base of one strand interacts or pairs with a base of the other strand. According to the chemical and X-ray data and model building exercises, only specific heterocyclic amine bases may be paired.
he double-stranded helical model for DNA is shown in the graphic on the left. The easiest way to visualize DNA is as an immensely long rope ladder, twisted into a cork-screw shape. The sides of the ladder are alternating sequences of deoxyribose and phosphate (backbone) while the rungs of the ladder (bases) are made in two parts with each part firmly attached to the side of the ladder. The parts in the rung are heterocyclic amines held in position by hydrogen bonding. Although most DNA exists as open ended double helices, some bacterial DNA has been found as a cyclic helix. Occasionally, DNA has also been found as a single strand.

Sumber:

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